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                <term xml:lang="en">Oxygen therapy</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Nursing assessment</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Intensive Care Units</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Bubble humidification</term>
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              <p>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;The clinical interest of using bubble humidification of oxygen remains controversial. This study was designed to further explore whether delivering dry oxygen instead of bubble-moistened oxygen had an impact on discomfort of ICU patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;This randomized multicenter non-inferiority open trial included patients admitted in intensive care unit and receiving oxygen. Any patient receiving non-humidified oxygen (between 0 and 15&amp;nbsp;L/min) for less than 2&amp;nbsp;h could participate in the study. Randomization was stratified based on the flow rate at inclusion (less or more than 4 L/min). Discomfort was assessed 6-8 and 24&amp;nbsp;h after inclusion using a dedicated 15-item scale (quoted from 0 to 150).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;Three hundred and fifty-four ICU patients receiving non-humidified oxygen were randomized either in the humidified (HO) (n = 172), using bubble humidifiers, or in the non-humidified (NHO) (n = 182) arms. In modified intention-to-treat analysis at H6-H8, the 15-item score was 26.6 ± 19.4 and 29.8 ± 23.4 in the HO and NHO groups, respectively. The absolute difference between scores in both groups was 3.2 [90% CI 0.0; +&amp;nbsp;6.5] for a non-inferiority margin of 5.3, meaning that the non-inferiority analysis was not conclusive. This was also true for the subgroups of patients receiving either less or more than 4&amp;nbsp;L/min of oxygen. At H24, using NHO was not inferior compared to HO in the general population and in the subgroup of patients receiving 4&amp;nbsp;L/min or less of oxygen. However, for patients receiving more than 4&amp;nbsp;L/min, a post hoc superiority analysis suggested that patients receiving dry oxygen were less comfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/b&gt;Oxygen therapy-related discomfort was low. Dry oxygen could not be demonstrated as non-inferior compared to bubble-moistened oxygen after 6-8&amp;nbsp;h of oxygen administration. At 24&amp;nbsp;h, dry oxygen was non-inferior compared to bubble-humidified oxygen for flows below 4&amp;nbsp;L/min.&lt;/p&gt;</p>
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