Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy DFT Fermi contact Grafting Lithium-ion battery Lithium batteries Activated carbon Chemical vapor deposition Diazonium Impedance spectroscopy Photovoltaics Pseudocapacitance Cyclic voltammetry MnO2 Supercapacitor Micro-supercapacitors Positive electrode Electrochemical electrodes Electrical conductivity Ionogel XPS FIB/SEM Microbatteries Thin films Organic batteries FeWO 4 Sputtering Anodes CO2 electrolysis Energy storage Electrochemical capacitors Failure mechanism Transition metals LiFePO4 MXene Batteries MXenes Graphene Diazonium chemistry Crystal structure Organic electrode materials Lithium ion batteries Intercalation Fuel cell Microdevice Li-ion battery Fe Anode Electrode Magnetron sputtering Mercury Electrolytes Cycling stability Electrodes Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Diazonium salts DFT calculations Electrochemical Capacitor Binder EIS Ionic liquid NMR Ionic liquid electrolytes Microstructure Degradation Supercapacitors Organic battery Silicon Nickel oxide Micro-supercapacitor Exsolution Titanium nitride MAS NMR Negative electrode Lithium-ion batteries Graphite Cycle performance Lithium battery Interface Lithium ion battery Manganese dioxide Ionic conductivity GGA+U CVD Batteries - Li-ion Operando Current collector Aqueous electrolyte Electrolyte SOFC Electrochemistry Li-ion batteries Perovskite Electrochemical capacitor Electrochemical performance Ionogels Coating Vanadium nitride Electrode material Capacitance